TRIM35 mediates protection against influenza infection by activating TRAF3 and degrading viral PB2

Tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins are important effectors of innate immunity against viral infections. Here we identified TRIM35 as a regulator of TRAF3 activation. Deficiency in or inhibition of TRIM35 suppressed the production of type I interferon (IFN) in response to viral infection. Trim35-deficient mice were more susceptible to influenza A virus (IAV) infection than were wild-type mice. TRIM35 promoted the RIG-I-mediated signaling by catalyzing Lys63-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF3 and the subsequent formation of a signaling complex with VISA and TBK1. IAV PB2 polymerase countered the innate antiviral immune response by impeding the Lys63-linked polyubiquitination and activation of TRAF3. TRIM35 mediated Lys48-linked polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of IAV PB2, thereby antagonizing its suppression of TRAF3 activation. Our in vitro and in vivo findings thus reveal novel roles of TRIM35, through catalyzing Lys63- or Lys48-linked polyubiquitination, in RIG-I antiviral immunity and mechanism of defense against IAV infection.

Sistema de vigilancia de influenza en sitios centinelas, Honduras, 2011-2017 / Influenza Surveillance System in Sentinel Sites, Honduras, 2011-2017

La influenza es una enfermedad respiratoria viral contagiosa. Se producen cambios en la composición genética de los virus tipo A y estos constituyen la base de epidemias y pandemias. Las infecciones causadas por el virus contribuyen a la morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo: Analizar el subsistema de vigilancia centinela de Influenza en establecimientos centinelas de Honduras 2011-2017.Materiales y Métodos:Tipo de estudio descriptivo transversal. Se usaron definiciones de caso del sistema.Se analizaron datos recolectados enTegucigalpa y San Pedro Sula. Losatributosevaluadosfueronsimplicidad,aceptabilidad,flexibilidad,temporalidadyrepresentatividad.Resultados:Los casos confirmados del 2011-2017 fueron 1,121 de los cuales (52%) 586 es Enfermedad Tipo Influenza y (48%) 535 Infección Respiratoria Aguda Grave. La razón 1:1. La media fue 16 años, rango de edad menor de 1 año a 94 años. El umbral epidemiológico demuestra que los casos presentan su pico en la semana 33. EnETI el virus mayormente identificado fue A(H3N2),en IRAG fue A(H1N1)pdm09. En simplicidad (86%) 51 conocen las definiciones operativas, en aceptabilidad (78%) 46 realiza el reporte como se estipula, flexibilidad (86%) 51 determinaron que la ficha puede modificarse, temporalidad 54% 32 considera el tiempo entre notificación y registro del caso se realiza en el tiempo estipulado y en representatividad (85%) 50 consideran que los datos representan todos los casos en su área.Conclusión:El sistema de vigilancia está compuestobajo la estructura organizativa de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. La distribución de los virus de Influenza se encuentra concentrada en los departamentos con mayor densidad poblacional y esto favorece la propagación rápida.La estación habitualdel virus en Honduras es entre junio a noviembre con picos máximos en octubre. Se sugiererealizar análisis de este sistema en un periodo de cada dos años, para implementar mejoras y logre ser más eficaz...(AU)

Análise da prevalência de vírus respiratórios em crianças atendidas em um hospital universitário do sul de Minas Gerais / Analysis of respiratory virus prevalence in assisted children in a university hospital of southern of minas gerais

INTRODUÇÃO: As infecções respiratórias virais são doenças de alta incidência no nosso meio. Os vírus circulam durante todo ano, todavia, a incidência destas infeccões aumentam com a sazonalidade. Grande parte destas infecções ocorrem em crianças por serem mais susceptíveis do ponto de vista imunológico. OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência dos patógenos virais nas infecções respiratórias em crianças de 0 a 9 anos no Hospital das Clinicas Samuel Libanio(HCSL), Pouso Alegre - MG. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática dos dados coletados a partir de aspirados de orofaringe, para pesquisa de vírus pela equipe da Comissão de Controle de Infecções Hospitalares (CCIH), entre os anos de 2010 e 2014. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 310 amostras e cerca de 26,4% foram positivas para algum vírus. O vírus sincicial respiratório (VSR) foi o mais prevalente nas crianças menores de um e também na faixa etária de 1 a 4 anos (25,3% e 11,1 %, respectivamente), estatisticamente significante (p<0,001). Já no grupo entre 5 a 9 anos prevaleceu o virus Influenza A H1N1 com 13,8%. CONCLUSÃO: As infecções virais contribuem para um alto número de hospitalizações que oneram o serviço público de saúde, principalmente na faica etária pediátrica. Deste modo, medidas preventiva como campanhas de vacinação devem continuar a ser incentivadas, de preferência abrangendo os vírus mais prevalentes para uma determinada faixa etária. (AU)

Introduction: Viral respiratory infections are of high incidence diseases in our midst. Viruses circulate throughout the year, however, the incidence of these infections increase with seasonality. Most of these infections occur in children because they are more likely immunologically. Objective: To analyze the prevalence of viral pathogens in respiratory infections in children aged 0 to 9 years old at the Samuel Libânio Clinical Hospital, Pouso Alegre-MG. Methods: A systematic review of data collected from aspirates oropharynx was performed to search for viruses by the Commission's Team of Nosocomial Infection Control between the years 2010 and 2014. Results: 310 samples were analyzed and about 26.4% of the samples were positive for a virus. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was the most prevalent in children under one year old and also in the age group 1-4 years (25.3% and 11.1%, respectively), statistically significant (p<0.001). In the group between 5 and 9 years prevailed the virus Influenza A H1N1 with 13.8%. Conclusions: Viral infections contribute to a high number of hospitalizations that burden the public health system, especially in the pediatric age group. Thus, preventive measures such as vaccination campaigns should continue to be encouraged, preferably covering the most prevalent virus for a certain age group (AU)

Influenza virus positivity and circulating subtypes among cases of influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infection, Egypt, 2012-2015

Information on the prevalence of influenza, circulating virus subtypes and seasonality is essential for selecting strains for annual vaccines and for planning immunization programmes. Data were obtained from the 13 sentinel surveillance sites throughout Egypt during 2012-2015. Laboratory-confirmed influenza was found in 13% of cases of influenza-like illness [ILI] and 18% of cases of severe acute respiratory infection [SARI]; positivity for influenza was similar in cases of ILI and SARI in patients up to 15 years of age but increased for SARI and decreased for ILI in people aged >/- 15 years . The most commonly observed influenza virus subtypes were B followed by A/H3 in ILI cases, and A/H1N1 followed by B in SARI cases. The seasonality of influenza in ILI cases was November-February, and that in SARI cases was November-March, peaking in January

Comparative study of lymphocytes from individuals that were vaccinated and unvaccinated against the pandemic 2009-2011 H1N1 influenza virus in Southern Brazil

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION:While no single factor is sufficient to guarantee the success of influenza vaccine programs, knowledge of the levels of immunity in local populations is critical. Here, we analyzed influenza immunity in a population from Southern Brazil, a region with weather conditions that are distinct from those in the rest of country, where influenza infections are endemic, and where greater than 50% of the population is vaccinated annually.METHODS:Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from 40 individuals. Of these, 20 had received the H1N1 vaccine, while the remaining 20 were unvaccinated against the disease. Cells were stimulated in vitro with the trivalent post-pandemic influenza vaccine or with conserved major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) peptides derived from hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Cell viability was then analyzed by [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide)]-based colorimetric assay (MTT), and culture supernatants were assayed for helper T type 1 (Th1) and Th2-specific cytokine levels.RESULTS:Peripheral blood lymphocytes from vaccinated, but not unvaccinated, individuals exhibited significant proliferation in vitro in the presence of a cognate influenza antigen. After culturing with vaccine antigens, cells from vaccinated individuals produced similar levels of interleukin (IL)-10 and interferon (IFN)-γ, while those from unvaccinated individuals produced higher levels of IFN-γ than of IL-10.CONCLUSIONS:Our data indicate that peripheral blood lymphocytes from vaccinated individuals are stimulated upon encountering a cognate antigen, but did not support the hypothesis that cross-reactive responses related to previous infections can ameliorate the immune response. Moreover, monitoring IL-10 production in vaccinated individuals could comprise a valuable tool for predicting disease evolution.

2010 A(H1N1) vaccination in pregnant women in Brazil: identifying coverage and associated factors / Vacinação contra o vírus A(H1N1) entre mulheres grávidas no Brasil em 2010: identificação da cobertura e fatores associados / Vacunación contra el virus A(H1N1) en gestantes de Brasil en 2010: cobertura y factores asociados

We studied vaccination coverage and its associated factors in the 2010 pandemic influenza vaccination of Brazilian pregnant women. A cross-sectional study of pregnant women who had given birth was performed in a municipality in southern Brazil, in 2010. Data about vaccination against A(H1N1) and sociodemographic characteristics, morbidities and prenatal care were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using a Poisson regression. Coverage was 77.4%. Most were vaccinated in the public sector (97.6%) and in the second trimester (47%). Associated factors that increased vaccination were marriage, older age, first income quartile, prenatal care and influenza before pregnancy. Education and skin color were not significantly associated with vaccination. The vaccination campaign was extensive and exhibited no inequality. Prenatal care was the factor that most affected vaccination coverage, reflecting its importance for vaccination campaign success.

O objetivo foi estudar a cobertura vacinal e fatores associados na vacinação contra a gripe pandêmica de 2010 em gestantes brasileiras. Realizou-se um estudo transversal com mulheres que deram à luz em um município do sul do Brasil, em 2010. Dados sobre vacinação contra A(H1N1), características sociodemográficas, morbidades e pré-natal foram coletados. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando-se a regressão de Poisson. A cobertura foi de 77,4%. A maioria foi vacinada no setor público (97,6%) e no segundo trimestre (47%). Fatores associados que aumentaram a vacinação foram: ser casada, maior idade, estar no primeiro quartil de renda, ter assistência pré-natal e contrair gripe antes da gravidez. Educação e cor da pele não foram associadas significativamente à vacinação. A campanha foi extensa e não apresentou desigualdade. O pré-natal foi o fator que afetou mais a cobertura vacinal, refletindo a sua importância para o futuro sucesso das campanhas de vacinação.

El objetivo fue estudiar la cobertura de vacunación y los factores relacionados a ella durante la pandemia de 2010, en mujeres brasileñas embarazadas. Se realizó estudio transversal con las mujeres que dieron a luz en un municipio del sur del Brasil en 2010. Datos sobre la vacunación contra A(H1N1), las características sociodemográficas, comorbilidad y prenatal fueron recogidas. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante la regresión de Poisson. La cobertura fue de un 77,4%. La mayoría fueron vacunados en el sector público (97,6%) y durante el segundo trimestre (47%). Los factores relacionados con el aumento de la vacunación fueron: tener marido, mayor edad, pertenecer al primer cuartil de ingresos, haber recibido cuidado prenatal y haber tenido gripe antes del embarazo. Educación y color de la piel no se asociaron significativamente con la vacunación. La campaña fue extensa y no mostró la desigualdad. El cuidado prenatal fue el factor que más afectó la cobertura de inmunización, lo que refleja su importancia para éxito de las futuras campañas de vacunación.

Neurological complications after H1N1 influenza vaccination: magnetic resonance imaging findings / Complicações neurológicas após vacinação para H1N1: achados de ressonância magnética.

Objective: To report 4 different neurological complications of H1N1 virus vaccination. Method: Four patients (9, 16, 37 and 69 years of age) had neurological symptoms (intracranial hypertension, ataxia, left peripheral facial palsy of abrupt onset, altered mental status, myelitis) starting 4-15 days after H1N1 vaccination. MRI was obtained during the acute period. Results: One patient with high T2 signal in the cerebellum interpreted as acute cerebellitis; another, with left facial palsy, showed contrast enhancement within both internal auditory canals was present, however it was more important in the right side; one patient showed gyriform hyperintensities on FLAIR with sulcal effacement in the right fronto-parietal region; and the last one showed findings compatible with thoracic myelitis. Conclusion: H1N1 vaccination can result in important neurological complications probably secondary to post-vaccination inflammation. MRI detected abnormalities in all patients. .

Objetivo: Relatar quatro diferentes complicações neurológicas da vacina contra o vírus H1N1. Método: Quatro pacientes (9, 16, 37 e 69 anos) tinham sintomas neurológicos (hipertensão intracraniana, ataxia, paralisia facial esquerda de inicio abrupto, estado mental alterado e mielite) iniciando-se 4 a 15 dias após vacinação contra H1N1. RM foi realizada em quatro pacientes na fase aguda e em um paciente na fase crônica. Resultados: Dos quatro pacientes, um apresentou hipersinal em T2 no cerebelo, interpretado como cerebelite aguda; um, com paralisia facial esquerda, tinha realce dos condutos auditivos internos, maior à direita; um tinha hipersinal em T2 no cortex parieto-occipital direito; um apresentou sinais compatíveis com mielite torácica. Conclusão: A vacinação contra o H1N1 pode resultar em importantes complicações neurológicas, provavelmente secundárias a inflamação pós-vacinal. A RM detectou anormalidades em todos os pacientes. .

Factors associated with vaccination against Influenza A (H1N1) in the elderly / Fatores associados a vacinacao contra Influenza A (H1N1) em idosos / Factores asociados a la vacunacion contra la Influenza A (H1N1) en adultos mayores

This study aimed to investigate the sociodemographic, clinical and behavioral factors and receiving information about the vaccine against pandemic influenza A (H1N1) associated with vaccination of elderly people. Study of quantitative and transversal nature, in which 286 elderly residents in Fortaleza, CE, Brazil participated. The association between variables was analyzed by the Pearson chi-square test, considering a 95% confidence interval and significance level (p≤0.05). The results revealed that, unlike the sociodemographic characteristics, many clinical, behavioral and informational aspects correlated significantly with adherence to Influenza A (H1N1) vaccination. It is believed that the findings can be used in strategies to control and prevent infection by viral subtypes within the elderly population, extensible even to other vaccine-preventable diseases, especially in light of possible future pandemics.

El objetivo fue investigar los factores sociodemográficos, clínicos, de comportamiento y el proceso de recepción de información, asociados a la vacunación contra la influenza pandémica A(H1N1) en adultos mayores. Corresponde a un estudio cuantitativo y transversal en el cual participaron 286 adultos mayores residentes en Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. La asociación entre variables se analizó mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson, considerándose un nivel de significación de 95% (p ≤ 0,05). Los resultados señalaron que, a diferencia de las características sociodemográficas, muchos aspectos clínicos, de comportamiento y relacionados con la entrega de información presentaron una correlación estadísticamente significativa con la adhesión a la vacuna contra la influenza A (H1N1). Estos resultados podrán ser utilizados en estrategias de control y prevención de la infección por el subtipo viral en la población estudiada, incluso, en otras enfermedades inmunoprevenibles y sobre todo en posibles pandemias futuras.

Objetivou-se investigar os fatores sociodemográficos, clínicos, comportamentais e o recebimento de informações sobre a vacina contra a Influenza pandêmica A (H1N1) associados à vacinação de idosos. Estudo de natureza quantitativa e transversal, do qual participaram do 286 idosos residentes em Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. A associação entre as variáveis foi analisada por meio do teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson, considerando-se nível de significância de 95% (p≤0,05). Os resultados revelaram que, diferentemente das características sociodemográficas, muitos aspectos clínicos, comportamentais e informacionais apresentaram correlação estatisticamente significativa com a adesão à vacina Influenza A (H1N1). Acredita-se que os achados possam ser empregados em estratégias de controle e prevenção da infecção pelo subtipo viral junto à população idosa, extensíveis, inclusive, a outros agravos imunopreveníveis, especialmente diante de possíveis pandemias futuras.

Motivos que levaram as gestantes a não se vacinarem contra H1N1 / Reasons why pregnant women did not vaccinate against Influenza A H1N1

As grávidas constituem um grupo de risco para qualquer infecção devido à baixa imunidade que apresentam. Estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, ancorada na Teoria das Representações Sociais que objetivou compreender os motivos que levaram as gestantes a não se vacinarem contra a Influenza A (H1N1). Participaram do estudo 10 mulheres que estavam grávidas no período da campanha de vacinação de 2010. Os dados foram coletados em maio de 2011 mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas e discutidas pela análise de conteúdo. A partir dos discursos foi possível identificar as várias representações que a vacina H1N1 tinha para essas mulheres no período de sua gestação, como elemento que causaria aborto e má formação do feto. Os motivos que levaram as gestantes a não se vacinarem contra a gripe H1N1 estão associados ao medo, à falta de informação e aos mitos e crenças que a população traz nas suas representações e nos seus valores culturais.

Pregnant women constitute a risk group for any infection due to their low immunity condition. This is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach, grounded in the Theory of Social Representations that sought to understand the reasons why pregnant women did not vaccinate against influenza A (H1N1). The study included 10 women who were pregnant during the vaccination campaign of 2010. Data were collected in May 2011 through interviews and interpreted by content analysis. From the speeches it was possible to identify the various representations that the vaccine against H1N1 had for these women during their pregnancy as an element which would cause miscarriage and birth defects. The reasons why pregnant women did not vaccinate against H1N1 are associated with fear, lack of information and the myths and beliefs that people bring in their representations and their cultural values.

Immunogenicity of influenza H1N1 vaccination in mixed connective tissue disease: effect of disease and therapy

OBJECTIVE: To assess the potential acute effects regarding the immunogenicity and safety of non-adjuvanted influenza A H1N1/2009 vaccine in patients with mixed connective tissue disease and healthy controls. METHODS: Sixty-nine mixed connective tissue disease patients that were confirmed by Kasukawa's classification criteria and 69 age- and gender-matched controls participated in the study; the participants were vaccinated with the non-adjuvanted influenza A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) virus-like strain. The percentages of seroprotec-tion, seroconversion, geometric mean titer and factor increase in the geometric mean titer were calculated. The patients were clinically evaluated, and blood samples were collected pre- and 21 days post-vaccination to evaluate C-reactive protein, muscle enzymes and autoantibodies. Anti-H1N1 titers were determined using an influenza hemagglutination inhibition assay. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01151644. RESULTS: Before vaccination, no difference was observed regarding the seroprotection rates (p = 1.0) and geometric mean titer (p = 0.83) between the patients and controls. After vaccination, seroprotection (75.4% vs. 71%, (p = 0.7), seroconversion (68.1% vs. 65.2%, (p = 1.00) and factor increase in the geometric mean titer (10.0 vs. 8.0, p = 0.40) were similar in the two groups. Further evaluation of seroconversion in patients with and without current or previous history of muscle disease (p = 0.20), skin ulcers (p = 0.48), lupus-like cutaneous disease (p = 0.74), secondary Sjogren syndrome (p = 0.78), scleroderma-pattern in the nailfold capillaroscopy (p = 1.0), lymphopenia #1000/mm³ on two or more occasions (p = 1.0), hypergammaglobulinemia $1.6 g/d (p = 0.60), pulmonary hypertension (p = 1.0) and pulmonary fibrosis (p = 0.80) revealed comparable rates. Seroconversion rates were also similar in patients with and without immunosuppressants. Disease parameters, such as C-reactive protein (p = 0.94), aldolase (p = 0.73), creatine phosphokinase (p = 0.40) and ribonucleoprotein antibody levels (p = 0.98), remained largely unchanged pre and post-vaccination. No severe side effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS: The non-adjuvanted influenza A/H1N1 vaccination immune response in mixed connective tissue disease patients is adequate and does not depend on the disease manifestations and therapy.

Comparison of Immune Response by Virus Infection and Vaccination to 2009 Pandemic Influenza A/H1N1 in Children

We aimed to compare the immune response induced by natural infection with 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1 (pH1N1) virus and by monovalent pH1N1 vaccination in children and adolescents. This cross-sectional clinical study was conducted at 3 hospitals in Korea from February to May 2010. A total of 266 healthy subjects aged from 6 months to 18 yr were tested for the presence of the antibody against pH1N1 using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Information about pH1N1 vaccination and laboratory-confirmed pH1N1 infection history was obtained. The overall rate of HI titers of > or = 1:40 against pH1N1 was 38.7%, and the geometric mean titer (GMT) was 20.5. Immunogenicity of pH1N1 vaccination only was reflected by a 41.1% of seroprotection rate and a GMT of 22.5. Immunogenicity of natural infection only was reflected by a 61.0% of seroprotection rate and a GMT of 40.0. GMT was significantly higher in the subjects of natural infection group than in the subjects of pH1N1 vaccination group (P < 0.001). The immune responses induced by natural pH1N1 infection exceed those induced by pH1N1 vaccinations.

Influenza viruses in adult dogs raised in rural and urban areas in the state of São Paulo, Brazil / Incidência do vírus influenza em cães adultos criados em áreas rural e urbana do estado de São Paulo, Brasil

In 1970, searching for the interspecies transmission of influenza viruses led to the first study on influenza viruses in domestic animals. Birds and mammals, including human beings, are their natural hosts; however, other animals may also play a role in the virus epidemiology. The objective was to investigate the incidence of influenza viruses in adult dogs raised in rural (9, 19.56%) and urban (37, 80.43%) areas in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Dog serum samples were examined for antibodies to influenza viruses by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test using the corresponding antigens from the circulating viruses in Brazil. Dogs from rural areas presented antibodies to influenza A H3N2, and influenza A H7N7 and H3N8. In rural areas, dog sera displayed mean titers as 94.37, 227.88, 168.14, 189.62 HIU/25 µL for subtypes H1N1, H3N2, H7N7, H3N8, respectively. About 84% and 92% of dogs from urban areas exhibited antibodies to human influenza A H1N1 and H3N2, respectively, with statistical difference at p < 0.05 between the mean titers of antibodies to H1N1 and H3N2. About 92% and 100% were positive for H7N7 and H3N8, respectively. In dogs from urban areas, the mean titers of antibodies against influenza A H1N1, H3N2, H7N7 and H3N8, were 213.96, 179.42, 231.76, 231.35 HIU/25 µL respectively. The difference among them was not statistically significant at p > 0.05. In conclusion, these dogs were positive for both human and equine influenza viruses. The present study suggests the first evidence that influenza viruses circulate among dogs in Brazil.

A transmissão interespecífica do vírus influenza é relatada em estudo sobre influenza com animais domésticos desde 1970. Pássaros e mamíferos, incluindo o homem, são seus hospedeiros naturais, porém outros animais podem participar da sua epidemiologia. Foi investigada a incidência do vírus influenza em cães adultos criados em zonas rural (9, 19,56%) e urbana (37, 80,43%), do Estado de São Paulo. Os soros dos cães foram examinados pelo teste de inibição da hemaglutinação (IH), usando antígeno dos vírus influenza circulantes no Brasil. Nos cães rurais foram detectados títulos médios de 94,37, 227,88, 168,14 e 189,62 UIH/25 mL (unidades inibidoras de hemaglutinação/25 mL) para os subtipos H1N1, H3N2, H7N7, H3N8 de vírus influenza A, respectivamente, com diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) entre as médias de títulos de anticorpos contra H1N1 e H3N2. Cerca de 84% e 92% dos cães urbanos responderam aos vírus influenza A humano H1N1 e H3N2, respectivamente e destes 92% e 100% foram positivos para os vírus eqüinos H7N7 e H3N8, respectivamente. Para esses cães as médias de títulos de anticorpos para os vírus influenza A H1N1, H3N2, H7N7 e H3N8 foram 213,96, 179,42, 231,76 e 231,35UIH/25 mL, respectivamente. As diferenças entre as médias não foram estatisticamente significativas (p>0,05). Conclui-se que os cães apresentaram positividade para ambos vírus influenza humano e equino. O presente estudo sugere, pela primeira vez, evidências de que há circulação do vírus influenza em cães, no Brasil.

Comparison of adverse events following immunization with pandemic influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 vaccine with or without adjuvant among health professionals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

A vaccination campaign against pandemic influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 was held in Brazil in March 2010, using two types of monovalent split virus vaccines: an AS03-adjuvanted vaccine and a non-adjuvanted vaccine. We compared the reactogenicity of the vaccines in health professionals from a Clinical Research Institute in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and there were no serious adverse events following immunization (AEFI) among the 494 subjects evaluated. The prevalence of any AEFI was higher in the AS03-adjuvanted vaccine at 2 h and 24 h post-vaccination [preva-lence ratio (PR): 2.05, confidence interval (CI) 95%: 1.55-2.71, PR: 3.42, CI 95%: 2.62-4.48, respectively]; however, there was no difference between the vaccines in the assessments conducted at seven and 21 days post-vaccination. The group receiving the AS03 post-adjuvanted vaccine had a higher frequency of local reactions at 2 h (PR: 3.01, CI 95%: 2.12-4.29), 24 h (PR: 4.57, CI 95%: 3.29-6.37) and seven days (PR: 6.05, CI 95%: 2.98-12.28) post-vaccination. We concluded that the two types of vaccines caused no serious AEFI in the studied population and the adjuvanted vaccine was more reactogenic, particularly in the 24 h following vaccination. This behaviour must be confirmed and better characterised by longitudinal studies in the general population.

Pediatric hospital admissions from influenza A (H1N1) in Brazil: effects of the 2010 vaccination campaign

lIn 2009, the influenza A (H1N1) virus spread rapidly around the world, causing the first pandemic of the 21st Century. In 2010, there was a vaccination campaign against this new virus subtype to reduce the morbidity and mortality of the disease in some countries, including Brazil. Herein, we describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients under 19 years of age who were hospitalized with confirmed influenza A (H1N1) infection in 2009 and 2010. We retrospectively reviewed files from the pediatric patients who were admitted to a university hospital with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed influenza A (H1N1) infection in 2009 and 2010. There were 37 hospitalized patients with influenza A (H1N1) in 2009 and 2 in 2010. In 2009, many of the hospitalized children had an underlying chronic disease and a lower median age than those not hospitalized. Of the hospitalized patients, 78% had a chronic disease, primarily pneumopathy (48%). The main signs and symptoms of influenza were fever (97%), cough (76%), and dyspnea (59%). Complications occurred in 81% of the patients. The median length of hospitalization was five days; 27% of the patients required intensive care, and two died. In 2010, two patients were hospitalized with influenza A (H1N1): one infant with adenovirus co-infection who had received one previous H1N1 vaccine dose and presented with respiratory sequelae and a 2-month-old infant who had a hospital-acquired infection. An impressive reduction in hospital admissions was observed in 2010 when the vaccination campaign took place in Brazil.

Eventos adversos pós-vacinação contra influenza pandêmica A (H1N1) 2009 em crianças / Adverse events following vaccination against pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in children

O objetivo do estudo foi estimar a frequência e os fatores associados à ocorrência de eventos adversos pós-vacinação contra a influenza pandêmica A (H1N1) 2009 em crianças com idade entre seis meses e dois anos. Participaram do estudo 156 crianças. Modelos multivariados de regressão de Cox foram construídos para avaliar a associação independente de cada covariável e a queixa de pelo menos um evento adverso. A força da associação foi medida pela hazard ratio e seus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança. Após a primeira dose, foi relatado algum tipo de evento adverso por 40,3% dos participantes e, após a segunda, por 35,5%. Os eventos sistêmicos foram mais frequentes que os locais, destaque para irritabilidade, diarreia e febre. As incidências de eventos adversos, no geral e sistêmicos, após a primeira dose, foram maiores nas crianças com doença concomitante/alergia em relação àquelas sem o agravo (HR = 3,43; IC95%: 1,34-8,77 e HR = 2,76; IC95%: 1,11-6,89). A maioria dos eventos foi de intensidade leve. Febre alta, vômito e diarreia motivaram a busca por serviços de saúde.

The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency of adverse events following vaccination against pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 and associated factors in children from six months to two years of age (n = 156). Multivariate Cox regression was used to assess the independent associations between covariates and complaints of at least one adverse event. Strength of association was measured by hazard ratios and respective 95% confidence intervals. Following the first dose, 40.3% of parents reported one or more adverse events in their children, compared to 35.5% after the second dose. Systemic adverse events, specifically irritation, diarrhea, and fever, were more frequent than local reactions at the vaccination site. Incidence rates for adverse events in general and systemic reactions following the first dose were higher in children with concomitant illness or allergies (HR = 3.43, 95%CI: 1.34-8.77 and HR = 2.76, 95%CI: 1.11-6.89). Most events were mild. Cases of high fever, vomiting, and diarrhea prompted parents to seek care for their children at health services.

Can influenza H1N1 vaccination lead to the membranous glomerulonephritis.

In 2009 winter, Influenza A (H1N1) monovalent split virus vaccine was used prevalently in the whole world as a result of the pandemic caused by Influenza (H1N1) virus. The vaccine's adverse effects were observed closely and vaccination has been found as safe in most studies. But some reports about immune response related diseases after influenza vaccinations are remarkable. The close relationship between membranous glomerulonephritis and antigens is known, particularly in seconder forms which occur after viral infections and vaccinations. So this case report is about a 56-year-old man, who developed membranous glomerulonephritis 23 days after the vaccination against Influenza A (H1N1) virus.